Select

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->select('col1','col2')
->select(array('col1','col2'))
->select(DB::raw('businesses.*, COUNT(reviews.id) as no_of_ratings, IFNULL(sum(reviews.score),0) as rating')) 
->addSelect('col3','col4')
->distinct() // distinct select

From

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->from('table')
->from(DB::raw('table, (select @n :=0) dummy'))
->from(DB::raw("({$subQuery->toSql()}) T ")->mergeBindings($subQuery->getQuery())

Where

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$detail = Detail::where("id","!=",50)->get();
// Any of the following may be used as the second parameter (and use the third param for the value)
// =, <, >, <=, >=, <>, !=, LIKE, NOT LIKE, BETWEEN, ILIKE
 
$detail = Detail::where(function ($query) {
  $query->where('a', '=', 1)
      ->orWhere('b', '=', 1);
})->get();
 
$detail = Detail::whereRaw('age > ? and votes = 100', array(25))->get();
 
$detail = Detail::whereRaw(DB::raw("id in (select detail_id from students GROUP BY students.detail_id)"))->get();
 
$detail = Detail::whereExists(function($query){
  $query->select(DB::raw(1))
      ->from('students')
      ->whereRaw('students.detail_id = details.id')
      ->groupBy('students.detail_id')
      ->havingRaw("COUNT(*) > 0");